Disaster memorials serve as cultural artefacts that foster resilience, honour lost lives, and contribute to collective grief and healing. Memorials embody intertwined historical and social dimensions, reflecting on the past and offering insights into the future. Despite the significance of memorialization during recovery and reconstruction, disaster studies have seldom explored the types of memorials and their roles in society. We employ narrative analysis to identify the elements that shape the role of disaster memorials. By developing a typology of factors and rationales, we reveal the relationships between design, recovery, symbology, collective memory, experience sharing, and disaster awareness. Finally, we discuss how the intended role of memorials evolve over time and regenerate or reify disaster narratives. We examine 16 disaster memorials built after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and the 1999 Marmara Earthquake in Türkiye. They include museums, parks, forests, monuments, and preserved ruins. Findings are a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers engaged in urban planning and design, as well as communities affected by disasters. Further research is needed to expand the proposed typology by including other cases, enhancing its applicability for guiding future disaster memorial design and recovery.
Fatma Özdogan is an architect with project experiences in Qatar, Azerbaijan, and Turkiye, as well as research experiences in Colombia, Lebanon, and the United Kingdom. She holds a master’s degree from Turkiye, focusing on architectural education in disaster risk reduction. She pursued a second master’s degree in development and emergency practice at Oxford Brookes University, UK. Currently, she is undertaking her doctoral studies at the Université de Montreal, specializing in disaster management and post-disaster reconstruction.
Dr. Gonzalo Lizarralde is a professor at the School of Architecture of Université de Montréal. His work has contributed to current debates about disasters, climate change action, informality, resilience, and low-cost housing. He holds the Fayolle-Magil Construction Research Chair in Architecture, the Built Environment and Sustainability. He is the author of Unnatural Disasters: Why Most Responses to Risk and Climate Change Fail but Some Succeed; The Invisible Houses: Rethinking and Designing Low-Cost Housing in Developing Countries; and co-editor of three additional books.
Dr. Miwako Kitamura pursued her studies at the London School of Economics (LSE) and the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). She completed her PhD in Engineering at Tohoku University’s Graduate School, specializing in disaster management for vulnerable populations with a focus on resilience, particularly from gender perspectives. During her time at LSE, she undertook a premaster course and conducted research on economic losses associated with global warming, with a major in development studies concerning emerging economies. At SOAS, she furthered her education in Anthropology, Development, and Culture studies within the Humanities Faculty, earning a master’s degree.
Dr. Benjamin Herazo is Research Projects Coordinator of the IF Research Group at Université de Montréal Architect, with a master’s degree in economics and a PhD from the Faculty of Environmental Design at the University of Montreal. He has previously spent 15 years as an associate professor, directive and dean in the Environmental Studies School at the Javeriana University in Colombia. He also had experience in architectural firms and has been a consultant and researcher in environmental management. His PhD dissertation project focused on how sustainable development contributes to the alignment between strategic and tactical management in the building sector.