IN-PERSON: Prague – Section A

Abstract

This paper investigates the construction of heritage discourses and the emergence of heritage democratisation by taking a case study of intangible cultural heritage transmission of Nüshu (literally women’s writing). It explains the implementation of the ‘Four-level System of Transmitters of Chinese Intangible Cultural Heritage’ legitimised the titles of ‘ICH transmitter’ and led to the emergence of two new transmission patterns, namely, the ‘apprenticeship transmission pattern’ and the ‘online-based transmission pattern’. It also compares and analyses the heritage discourses formed by these two patterns. The study finds that the apprenticeship transmission pattern, centred on transmitters, triggered the interactive network of masters-disciples, in which dominant values of Nüshu were constructed. Namely, the cultural value (cultural status as an ICH), economic value (resource for economic benefits), symbolic value (honourable title of transmitter), and social value (social networks and related opportunities) were acknowledged and realised by transmitters and their disciples. These values and transmission practices contribute to the reinforcement of transmitters’ authority and the formation of Nüshu authorised heritage discourse. The online-based transmission pattern developed by untitled practitioners is an open and shared pattern that relied on social media platforms and enabled community-based heritage democratisation. Practitioners were able to interpret Nüshu’s values based on their interests, understanding, and needs. That is, they identify themselves as ‘Nüshu People’ (symbolic value), and emphasise Nüshu an indigenous culture (cultural value) that has spiritual inspiration (spiritual value) passed down from female ancestors. These discursive practices and additional values contribute to forming additional heritage discourse of Nüshu.