The elderly population is a heterogeneous group of older adults with different abilities and needs; accordingly, their expectations of outdoor spaces are increasing and various. Literature shows that well-designed gardens encourage older adults to spend more time outdoor; however design criteria cannot be applied uncritically worldwide and our aim is to single out garden design criteria tailored to Italian elderly population living in urban contest.
This study is the first part of a broader research project aimed to compare the psycho-physiological effects of three different settings, indoor, no projected outdoor, and projected outdoor, on different groups of aged people. The project aim stems from the Attention Restoration Theory, the Stress Recovery Theory and the Biophilia hypothesis. Basically these theories suggest an evolutionary basis for the emotional and the physiological responses to Nature and positive attentional benefits deriving from exposure to natural environments.
The target comprehend active 60-80 aged people from the district and over 80 aged residents of two neighboring nursing homes. They were investigated through psychological self-rating scales (the Connectedness to Nature Scale, the Perceived Restorativeness Scale), cognitive measures (the attentive matrices) and physiological measures (the cortisol level).
In order to compare the effect of the three different settings, in a pilot phase of co-designed shared with the older participants, a restorative garden which addresses not only the elderly’s physical and ergonomics need, but also their need of psycho-physiological restoration, sustains relation to Nature and has cognitive benefits in terms of attention restoration was planned.
This paper describes the first phase of the project were the elderly’s performance was compared indoor vs no project outdoor (in a mixed experimental design). Preliminary results show significant positive benefits deriving from the exposure to a no projected green area and encouraged the realization of the restorative garden thanks also to the elderly’s suggestions.
Natalia Fumagalli. Ph.D, Assistant professor at the University of Milan, Department of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, is Professor of “Survey, map drawing and materials for green areas” in the Bachelor of “Crops Production and green space management” and professor of “Green infrastructures Planning and Design” in the Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA) at the University of Milan. She is member of the Italian Association of Agricultural Engineering, the Italian Association of Landscape Architects and European Society of Landscape Ecology. She is PI of “Green space for active living: older adults perspectives”, two years research project founded by Fondazione Cariplo on green and aging. She is author of more than 50 papers on rural planning, greenways planning and design and healing garden design.
Rita Berto, Ph.D., she is a psychologist specialized in environmental psychology. She was Visiting Research Associate in Psychology (Honorary) at the Washington University in St. Louis (MO –USA), and professor of Environmental Psychology and Cognitive Psychology at the University of Padova (Italy). Her biography was included in Who’s Who in the World 2007. She is author of a book on environmental stress and one on biophilia and of numerous research articles; she is appointed reviewer for the most important journals of environmental psychology. At the moment she develops her research activity at the Laboratory of Affective Ecology –LEAF- of the University of Valle d’Aosta (Italy), and is research advisor of a granted project on “green and aging”. She holds classes/seminars on different environmental psychology issues at the University of Padova and Milano (Italy) and is consultant of restorative environment and biophilic design.
Elisabetta Fermani: chartered and independent consultant agronomist, working in the field of design and consultancy for the landscape and the environment, regenerative agriculture, ecological connections and “healing gardens” for care facilities. Currently she is a research fellow at the University of Milan, Department of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences Department in a project aimed at evaluating the benefits that contact with nature has on the elderly. She alongside her work as a designer, collaborations with university faculties and private training institutes, in educational seminars, as an expert on the subject, in specialization courses and seminars on Healing gardens and teaching support in university landscape design courses.
Giuseppe Barbiero is head of the Laboratory of Affective Ecology at the University of Valle D’Aosta (LEAF/UniVDA). He is co-editor of Visions for Sustainability, an international scientific journal that promote debates on ways in which sustainability can be addressed and applied in interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary perspectives. His main research interests are the biophilia hypothesis and the Gaia hypothesis. He is also interested in their applications such as Biophilic Design in architecture or Green Mindfulness in ecopsychology.
Giulio Senes, Ph.D., Assistant professor at the University of Milan, Department of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, is Professor of “Green infrastructures Planning and Design” in the Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA) at the University of Milan, where he also teaches “Rural Land-use Planning and Landscape Design” and is Director of the Post-Graduate Course in Healing gardens design. He is President of the European Greenways Association and member of the Italian Association of Agricultural Engineering, the National Institute of Urban Planning and the Italian Association of Landscape Architects, visiting Professor at the Universidad de la Republica di Montevideo (Uruguay), for the “Licenciatura in Diseño De Paisaje”. He is author of more than 80 papers on land-use and landscape planning, greenways planning and design, and healing gardens design; he has been a speaker in more than 90 conferences in Italy and abroad.