VIRTUAL Barcelona Livable Cities
Abstract
This study critically examines the agency of American-led expansion of modernization through international Hilton Hotels on the process of architectural modernization in postwar Iran. The Royal Tehran Hilton (1962) is a pivotal case in Iran’s postwar architectural modernization, emphasizing its long-term architectural, socio-political, and cultural impacts. Initially conceived as a symbol of Iran’s rapid economic, architectural and urban progress, the Hilton played a transformative role in shaping Tehran’s architectural developments, socio-spatial divisions, and post-revolutionary architectural adaptations. As Tehran’s first modern high-rise, the Hilton catalyzed a vertical urban identity, introducing International Style modernism into Iran’s built environment. Additionally, it epitomized Pahlavi’s political identity to reclaim its global legitimacy as an emerging Middle Eastern country with a built environment comparable to that of the West. After 1979, its transformation into the Esteghlal Hotel demonstrates the fluidity of architecture as a geopolitical tool and an adaptable cultural text. While Western iconography was erased, its structural systems and architectural language of modernism persisted, reflecting the complex interplay between ideology, modernization, and built heritage. In spite of the significance of the Hilton Hotel in the process of non-Western modernization, its continued influence in Iran’s postwar architectural trends remains underexplored, particularly in light of American modernization and the Cold War, as well as the subsequent shifts away from Western influences after 1979 Islamic Revolution.
Mohammad Sheykhi Eilanlou: PhD candidate at Griffith University, researcher in architectural history and modernization theories. His research traces the evolution of Hilton Hotels from the Cold War to today, exploring architecture’s role in geopolitical, cultural, and economic shifts. Adopting a systematic approach, he examines modernization, globalization, and adaptive reuse in built environments. His publications by bridging theory and practice, challenge linear narratives of modernization, offering a critical reassessment of architecture’s evolving role in shaping historical and contemporary contexts.
Dr Peyman Akhgar (B.Arch, M.Sc. Arch, PhD) is a Lecturer in Architecture and Design in the School of Engineering and Built Environment at Griffith University. Peyman studied architecture in Iran, Italy and Australia, where he acquired deep knowledge about architecture and design. Completing his PhD in 2021, Peyman started his academic career at the University of Queensland, and then in 2023, he joined Griffith University. Peyman’s research interest lies in the critical role of architecture as an ‘agent of change’ to create meaningful socio-political spaces in the Global South and Australia.
Dr. Hassan Karampour is an Associate Professor and Deputy Head of School (Research) at Griffith University’s School of Engineering and Built Environment. A Chartered Professional Structural Engineer and Fellow of Engineers Australia, he specializes in structural engineering, advanced material applications, and offshore engineering. With over 20 years of experience, his expertise spans the design and analysis of steel and concrete structures, finite element modeling, and verification of cranes and lifting systems. Dr. Karampour has published extensively in high-impact journals and serves on editorial and technical committees for international engineering organizations, contributing to advancements in structural resilience and offshore infrastructure.